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Wage discrimination between men and women has been the subject of numerous reports. That between heterosexuals and homosexuals had never been studied. Until today. Two economists from the University of Evry have considered this matter and found a gap of 6.5% on average in the private sector and 5.5% year on public Liberation reported Saturday. A result based on a sample of 904 cases.

This difference was found "all things being equal", the newspaper said, that is to say, qualifications and duties equal, in businesses of similar size, etc.. "After dismissing all the biases that could distort the results, we arrive at a pay gap is said unexplained", explains Thierry Laurent, co-authored the study with Ferhat Mihoubi. Only males are affected by this discrimination. The lesbians do not suffer any apparent loss of wages "unexplained".

This discrimination does not affect all gays with the same force. The less educated and the young could be less discriminated against, while the widening gap with the qualifications and experience. As a percentage of the "visibility" of an employee within the company, analyze the two economists. The young staff are more secure, with little "visible" for competitive examination.

"Marriage premium"

The results of the study are close to the observed differences in wages abroad, but it must include "marriage premium" observed in France. A married man will win because on average 4% more than a single. Homosexuals can not have access to marriage, they are doubly penalized.In the U.S., according to a study published in October 2007 and based on the study of 91,000 cases, a gay employee earns an average 23% less than heterosexual married counterparts.

In France, these wage differentials are explained, the two authors argue, by homophobia. "A CSA poll conducted in March 2009, said Liberation, revealed that 28% of private sector employees do not feel" very comfortable "with the fact that their colleague is gay.

Most of the people assume all individual health insurance plans to be similar. And it is here they do the mistake.

The first 100 French advertisers have invested 5.4 billion gross in the first half of 2010. This amount represents 42.3% of cross-media advertising investment, according to the barometer "Top 100 Advertisers' of Kantar Media Institute.

Automaker Renault leads the standings with 224.1 million euros invested in the rough period before Peugeot, whose communications budget reached 175.5 million euros. With Citroen (149.4 million euros) in fourth place, behind SFR (150.8 million), the automotive sector accounts for one quarter and investment in this top 100.

Of all the advertisers, the consumer sector, which forms the bulk of the advertising market with a 21% investment.The Unilever and Procter & Gamble are ranked at the sixth and eighth in the standings, with 145.2 million and 118.1 million euros invested since the beginning of the year.

Television is the medium of choice for these trucks communication, absorbing 43% of their advertising investment, before the press (19.2%), radio (15.4%) and Internet (12.5%).

Remy Cointreau will he a toast to celebrate the growth of its sales in the first quarter of fiscal year 2010-2011? From April to June 2010, the total turnover amounted in effect to 170.9 million euros, up 19.3% excluding currency effects (23.6% as reported) from Figures released on Thursday on the group's website. Off partner brands, sales totaled 149.7 million euros, increasing by 21.3% excluding currency effects (25.7% as reported).

The group attributes this success to "the effectiveness of its new distribution system [established on 1 April 2009, note], the strength of its brands and the relevance of its marketing investments."

The cognac and champagne up sharply

Remy Cointreau is pleased that the sales growth for all regions except Japan.

The group of wines and spirits enjoy the exhilaration of the cognac sector advancing by 37.7% organic. Remy Cointreau said the "very positive dynamic in China and in Travel Retail" adding that "the United States and Europe are also growing."

The champagne also rebounded 20.7% after problems at the end of last year. The group said that in Japan and Australia, growth is adversely affected by high inventories.

However, the sector Liquors and Spirits trouble restarting. He recorded a slight increase of 0.4% as reported and a decline of 3.4% excluding currency effects.

"Staying the course"

Remy Cointreau said that "in a still uncertain economic environment," he "stays the course with its strategy of long-term value," focusing on "development of its leading brands."

The group said it had "successfully issued a bond of 205 million euros in June last and benefit from the improved level of the dollar against the euro.

The garden party at the Elysee was it canceled too late? The caterers will they be reimbursed? Taxpayers will pay the note they? After the announcement of the cancellation of approvals under the Ministries of Interior, Overseas, in the prefectures and sub-prefectures, these issues are on everyone's lips. Especially since the member Rene Dosière (related PS) spoke for the receipt of an invoice 313 618 2009 euros. The debate, then fed by Ségolène Royal in an interview with the Nouvel Observateur, however, is minimized by the main actors of the case.

"There was no cancellation in the legal sense. These are the tenders that have been canceled. Today, nobody can say 'I lost the case, because no one had been chosen "slice Lars Bernard, vice president of Synhorcat, a leading professional trade."So there is no impact because in this profession, we do not prepare anything in advance. A caterer is not Picard, irritated the union representative.

Same story on the side of the Elysee usual caterers. "We were still at the stage of tendering. We filed our application and we expect the answer. We have therefore incurred no expenses, "said Francois Raynier, owner of upscale catering Raynier Marchetti, who denies the passage strengthened its team of 150 people in anticipation of the Garden Party. "150 is our average size," says he.

"From homemade

The prefecture also announced that the cancellations last minute should incur any costs because the buffets are mostly prepared in-house. "We use the kitchen of the prefecture," says one in Rennes.In the Sarthe, everything is "homemade" due to "credit limit". The few jurisdictions involving caterers explain – as is the case in Mayenne – they were still "at the stage estimates.

In the Alpes-Maritimes, the services of the prefecture are in this case state spending "very minimal" to "a few hundred euros": "We're pooling with the city of Nice and the General Council of Alpes-Maritimes limit spending from outside caterers, "says a spokeswoman.

Flexibility

Even if there had been a contract between two parties, there is no fixed schedule for repayment in the profession, making negotiations on a case by case basis between the provider and client paydayloan. "It's the law of business but we always find common ground," says Bernard Bras.In case of cancellation, the situation remains manageable, "he assures," It is a profession without visibility. Sometimes some customers confirm the case only 3-4 days before the big day We are accustomed to this kind of situation. "

At the forefront of the controversy, the food critics temper this speech. According to them, traders are well advised not to claim compensation for the expected win lucrative contracts in the future. "It's flattering to prepare the buffet or the Elysee Matignon is a commercial asset, an honor, a good card," says Claude Lebey, editor and author of restaurant guides.

Rebound

The representative of Synhorcat still regrets the loss of activity represented by these cancellations. "We are talking thousands of hours of work.For the Elysee, the decision could also have been taken earlier this year when the budget is fixed ….

For the future, the profession remains optimistic. The idea of a snowball effect of cancellations is scanned. "On the corporate side, which represent nearly 80% of our business, we see a rather significant recovery from last year," says Lars Bernard. "These are not exceptional receptions for when the box is bad, do not 'do too much peter cap'. But when there is a quick turnaround, we must celebrate. This is happening today. " The other big market traders – that of individuals – is also on the mend: "over time, we notice that people continue to celebrate events," notes vice president of Synhorcat. The public sector, the smallest of openings, should be the one to be hit hard.

"End 2008-2009, business has plummeted because of last minute cancellations of contracts. In the worst of the crisis, some professionals have lost 40% activity, ensures Lars Bernard. 2010 is therefore a year of healing. Regarding cancellations, we are entitled to think that this will not be like that all year. "

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With the 5000 guests at the garden party Elysian

Betwixt and cons crisis, employee ownership is booming, if you believe a study of the consulting firm Hewitt Associates, which interviewed 56 companies, listed on the Paris Bourse, the CAC 40 SBF SBF 120 or 250. Among them, 88% claimed to have in 2010 further encouraged their employees to become shareholders, 92% through the CIPF (mutual fund company), 47% through actions. 26% of companies offer bonus shares, which represents almost two times more than in 2009.

Last year, despite the crisis, they have continued to assist their employees in their savings effort: nearly half of companies have set up a contribution. Nearly 70% of companies shall, in addition to developing new employee share plans at least every two years.Convinced of the value of the managerial ownership, 91% of businesses use it to reinforce the sense of employee and 63% for muscle motivational forces.

Finally, 59% say there are more pragmatically additional financial benefits to supplement wages sometimes down. But employee ownership offers advantages that … Too strong, it might even be a hindrance if the company wants to open its capital: 50% of companies (against 27% in 2009) suggest a reluctance on their main shareholders development of employee ownership.

Unemployment is leveling off in the euro area. 10% in March 2010, the unemployment rate adjusted for seasonal variations remain in effect identical to that for the month of February. A year earlier the rate was however lower at 9.1%. The EU as a whole is a bit lower at 9.6% in March 2010, also unchanged from the same month a year earlier, Eurostat said on Friday.

So these are 15 million unemployed in the euro area accounts in March, 23 million for the EU-27. In one year, Germany is the only one EU country to have recorded a decline in unemployment, falling 7.4% to 7.3%. All other countries saw their unemployment rates increase because of the economic crisis.But are Latvia (the rate jumped to 14, 3% to 22.3%), Estonia (from 7.6% to 15.5% between the fourth quarters of 2008 and 2009) and Lithuania (from 8.1% to 15.8% between the fourth quarters of 2008 and 2009), which record the highest increases in the EU low fee pay day loans.

If it were up to now difficult to find a tandance about the evolution of unemployment figures, said Societe Generale's analysts now tend to think that the situation should improve in the second quarter.

It should be noted that the rate of female unemployment is still slightly higher than men (10.1% against 10%), but posted a much lower increase. The youth are always the most affected by unemployment, with a proportion of 19.9% in the euro area and 20.6% in the EU.Spain and Latvia beat on this sad record, with respective rates of 41.2% and 44.9%.

Commitment required. The President of the Republic, Nicolas Sarkozy, had promised before the second round of regional farmers in the Ile de France came to meet him at the Elysee. It would be within fifteen days in a holding Ile. This he did on Tuesday by going to Buno-Bonnevaux in a grain farm in Essonne, that of Samuel HERBLOT located an hour south of Paris by car and much less by helicopter.

After a tour of fields (barley, beets and wheat, triticale) in twenty minutes in business suits and shoes, Nicolas Sarkozy met with a dozen farmers in an improvised for the occasion. A table set in the middle of the round-ballers of straw and a table of keys to dial on the wall as decoration.The Head of State wished to reassure the farmers during the working meeting which lasted half past one in the presence of representatives of unions and institutions in the Ile-de-France, including Damien Greffin, president of the Young Farmers and Christophe Hillairet , chairman of the House inter Ile.

Involved in the debate on the Greater Paris

Several topics were reviewed including some specific to the region. "On the great Paris, we will now be involved in the debate, welcomed Damien Greffin. The Head of State is committed to the sanctuary of 2,500 acres of the 3,000 hectares of the Saclay plateau, the reforestation of the area polluted Pierrelaye instead of the cone Brie …. "Two other developments have been welcomed by the union leader. The implementation of the taxation of 10% of agricultural land became available for building."This funding will help build economic bridges between farmers and society, especially in district heating, Nicolas Sarkozy.Enfin committed under the Agricultural Modernization Act which parliamentary discussions to begin on May 18, a tax scheme will be introduced to smooth income when there is a cash advance. Not to mention the reactivation of a moderate margin agreement between producers and distributors. It is a device already exists but no agreement has been signed."When prices go down tremendously, the dealer signs an agreement with the producer margin of moderation, which helps rebalance the side of producers without penalizing the consumer," said Nicolas Sarkozy.

Reaching

However farmers are still far from satisfied. "We're no further ahead two weeks ago on concrete announcements, Damien Greffin regrets. There was an effort of understanding on the part of Nicolas Sarkozy, but it must go further. We understand that we can not decently go back, with a loss of EUR 100 per hectare less but we have to find coping mechanisms. A point emphasized by Orama association which brings together the cereal FNSEA and "great hope in the work of the Monitoring Committee of the crop. They should start April 14."They are essential for can be taken timely measures necessary compensation.

Note, however, three missing in the debate: the president of the FNSEA, Jean-Michel Lemetayer, the chambers of agriculture, Yves Vasseur, and the Young Farmers, William Villeneuve. However Philippe Pinta, president and Brigitte Orama Delahaye, head of Vegetables in France defied the pressures of the FNSEA. "It was natural for me to respond to the invitation of President of the Republic in the interest of producers that I represent. Although affiliate of the FNSEA we are an independent, "says Brigitte Delahaye. Initiating a dialogue that asks only to be regularly continued to regain lost to a regional electorate.

Wall Street began the final day of the week in the green but without euphoria. At the opening, the Dow Jones gained 0.21% at 10,864 points, the Nasdaq climbed 0.33% to 2405 points and the S & P 500 is 0.69% at 1168 points.

The opening in the green indicates a positive response to the European Agreement on aid to Greece. However, enthusiasm is not appropriate, the dissent is still present between the leaders of the European Union. Discussions are also continuing this Friday. Yesterday the U.S. markets have ended almost in equilibrium, the indices being taken down at the very end of the meeting by the rising dollar.

Indeed, the foreign exchange market, the Franco-German compromise obviously does not reassure. The stern warning from the ECB president, Jean-Claude Trichet, the idea of intervention by the International Monetary Fund, weighs on the currency.This Friday, the euro recovers slightly (0.44%): 1 euro traded at 1.3363 dollar opening on Wall Street.

Note that oil prices rose slightly in the opening exchanges in New York, driven by a decline in the dollar. The barrel of light sweet crude for May delivery traded at 80.79 dollars, up 26 cents from the close of yesterday.

In the U.S., investors were awaiting the final figure of U.S. economic growth for the fourth quarter of 2009. The first two estimates showed a growth of U.S. GDP by 5.7% and 5.9%.Finally, economic growth was revised slightly downwards to 5.6% yoy overnight pay day loans .

Moreover, the index of consumer confidence from the University of Michigan appears to 73.6 in March, exactly the same level as in February. It is a little better than 73 points expected by analysts.

Oracle released its quarterly results

On the side of values, Oracle (-1.84% to 25.56 dollars) said Thursday after Wall Street closed with a 13% increase in sales of new software under its third fiscal quarter in due to a rebound in corporate investments.

Also in the area of technology stocks, Qualcomm (+0.26% to 42.30 dollars) a manufacturer of chips for mobile phones, has revised upward its sales for the second quarter.

The values related to energy and raw materials should still be under pressure, affected by fluctuations in the dollar on the foreign exchange market. Exxon Mobil (0.62%) and Chevron (0.87%) regained some ground from yesterday, as the DuPont chemist (0.54%). These companies mainly produce and bill dollar suffer doubly from the rising greenback against other currencies.

Ambac is in trouble again. Authorities in Wisconsin have reported taking control of about 64 billion dollars of impaired assets of U.S. credit enhancer, because a group's financial situation became uncertain. The Exchange sanctions: -8.94% to 0.60 dollars.

The marketing director of Ford (1.16% to 13.96 dollars) said the U.S. automaker is expected to increase its market share in the United States in March.

If you want to meet Antoine Zacharias usually must go on the shores of Lake Leman to 71 years, the former CEO of Vinci now lives in Geneva. But Thursday and Friday, the boss forced to resign in June 2006 will be in Paris. Or more precisely at Nanterre, where his trial took place before the 15th chamber of the court.

All started from a complaint by a shareholder of Vinci, Michelangelo Tiphineau, filed June 12, 2006 a few days after the resignation of Zacharias. The approach of the small carrier and the departure of the historical pattern of the group have the same origin: the huge sums affected by Zacharias between 2003 and 2005 when he was the CEO of the world's leading construction companies. Up to 250 million euros, based on the share price higher.Including severance pay of 12.5 million, an annual retreat of 2.5 million and stock options by tens of millions.

The prosecutor in Nanterre has conducted a preliminary investigation for two years after which Philippe Courroye, public prosecutor has decided that the dismissal of former boss 40 of ACC before the court. A rare event, especially since, in this case, Zacharias did not leave behind a group of shareholders difficulties or ruined. Under his leadership, the net result of Vinci has been multiplied by 21, and the market capitalization by 20.

"This is the trial of a system that loses his head with a CEO who receives are astronomical compared to the employee base of Vinci," says Frederik-Karel Canoy, the lawyer Tiphineau online payday advance! ???!!!???!!!."All decisions regarding those fees are legal because they were passed without any reservation by the Board of Directors," whispered one in the circle by Zacharias. The functioning of the board is just the heart of this case. It is in this place that had played the beginning, dramatic, CEO. His heir apparent, then denigrated, Xavier Huillard, had alerted administrators against the greed of his boss.

Five years in prison

He had a wound, he has returned to court the former leader to his beard neatly trimmed, on suspicion of abuse of social goods. He took particular offense to have changed in May 2004 the composition of the Remuneration Committee, which had capped his salary. Exit therefore Alain Minc, Patrick Faure, the former boss of Renault Sport, and Serge Michel, a former General of the water.In their place is especially Alain Dinin, Nexity's boss, Dominique Ferrero, banker, and Quentin Davies, a British MP. The salary Zacharias then flew, including up to 4.2 million euros in 2005.

If the abuse of social goods is confirmed, Zacharias risk up to five years imprisonment and 375 000 euros fine. And if his former employer, Vinci, was a civil party, he will not claim damages.

Investors began to doubt when the morale of U.S. households showed slightly damaged on Friday. However, U.S. exchanges had entamn? sitting instead in the green – after three consecutive sessions in the green – through retail sales better than expected.

At the close on Friday, the Dow Jones closed up 0.12% at 10,624 points while the Nasdaq and the S & P 500 have ended in any small fold, respectively, from 0.03% to 2638 points and 0.02%, to 1,150 points.

Retail sales in the United States have resisted to the bad weather in February. Against all odds, they rose by 0.3% compared to January (in data seasonally adjusted) while analysts felt they had declined by 0.2%.

But a little later, the publication of the index calculated by the University of Michigan has sown doubt.Americans are less moral than the beginning of the year. The indicator is in effect in March fell to its level of December, to 72.5 against 73.6 in February. Economists had forecast on 74 March. This is the second straight month of decline for the index, highly regarded as the tone of the current economic

News that fell after other statistics rather reassuring, even if they still emphasize economic problems overseas. Like the U.S. trade deficit fell to 37.29 billion dollars from 39.9 billion in January. For specialists Barclays Exchange, "it is a pleasant surprise to the extent that economists were expecting a deficit of 41 billion dollars."Other good news side of the labor market "listings weekly unemployment fell to 462,000 from 469,000 the previous week.

Oil prices retreated Friday in New York, the surprise cut in U.S. consumer confidence prompting traders to take profits. On the New York Mercantile Exchange (Nymex), a barrel of light sweet crude for April delivery finished at 81.24 dollars, down 87 cents from the previous day cash advance payday loan .

Citigroup has blown

Rated values of the fertilizer industry was bustling Friday at the NYSE by the withdrawal of Norwegian Yara in the race for the acquisition of Terra, leaving the field open to CF Industries.At closing, the Norwegian Yara International, has renounced improve its offer to buy Terra (-1.32% to 46.28 dollars), allowing the hand to CF Industries.

Meanwhile, Canada's Agrium (7.94% to 72.08 dollars) has dropped its hostile takeover bid, one year old, against rival FC Industries.

Financial stocks continued to be relatively sought. One of the largest increases in the Dow Jones was signed by the issuer of credit cards American Express (1.67% to 40.78 dollars).

The CEO of Citigroup on Thursday promised a return to profitability of the bank. The state could get rid of all of its shares within twelve months. The title of Citigroup rose 30% since the beginning of the month and by 20% since the stock market Monday.Friday, the shares resumed their breath, down 5.26%, to 3.96 dollars.

The health sector was neglected while the debate on reform of health coverage in the United States seems to be entering its final stretch.

The decline as Pfizer (-1276% to 17.07 dollars) weighed on the Dow Jones. The pharmaceutical company announced late Thursday the failure of three clinical trials of two molecules of the department of oncology.

In the energy sector, Devon Energy (-2.17% to 70.48 dollars), the specialist production of oil will sell at BP Plc for seven billion dollars of assets located in Brazil, Azerbaijan and Gulf of Mexico.

Note also the manufacturer of semiconductor National Semiconductor announced after the close of the NYSE, a profit of 53.2 million, or 22 cents a share against 18 cents expected by analysts' consensus.Turnover was 361.9 million against 348.6 million expected by analysts. The securities have grapill? 0.14%, to 14.36 dollars.