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Wage discrimination between men and women has been the subject of numerous reports. That between heterosexuals and homosexuals had never been studied. Until today. Two economists from the University of Evry have considered this matter and found a gap of 6.5% on average in the private sector and 5.5% year on public Liberation reported Saturday. A result based on a sample of 904 cases.

This difference was found "all things being equal", the newspaper said, that is to say, qualifications and duties equal, in businesses of similar size, etc.. "After dismissing all the biases that could distort the results, we arrive at a pay gap is said unexplained", explains Thierry Laurent, co-authored the study with Ferhat Mihoubi. Only males are affected by this discrimination. The lesbians do not suffer any apparent loss of wages "unexplained".

This discrimination does not affect all gays with the same force. The less educated and the young could be less discriminated against, while the widening gap with the qualifications and experience. As a percentage of the "visibility" of an employee within the company, analyze the two economists. The young staff are more secure, with little "visible" for competitive examination.

"Marriage premium"

The results of the study are close to the observed differences in wages abroad, but it must include "marriage premium" observed in France. A married man will win because on average 4% more than a single. Homosexuals can not have access to marriage, they are doubly penalized.In the U.S., according to a study published in October 2007 and based on the study of 91,000 cases, a gay employee earns an average 23% less than heterosexual married counterparts.

In France, these wage differentials are explained, the two authors argue, by homophobia. "A CSA poll conducted in March 2009, said Liberation, revealed that 28% of private sector employees do not feel" very comfortable "with the fact that their colleague is gay.

The paycheck advance market has exploded recently and anyone over the age of 18, with a job, a nominal income, and a bank account can take advantage of one of these quick cash personal loans.

This is the game in the match. A confrontation that has now lasted fifteen years and which becomes, every World Cup, a bit tighter. What is at stake? Nothing less than the title of world's first supplier football, a market estimated at 8.4 billion euros.

Adidas, supplier of the Blues since 1972 and until the end of the year, has long dominated the head and shoulders in this market. It must be said that the three stripes accompanies some of the heavyweights of the circuit, between Germany, Argentina, or Spain, European champion in title. In South Africa, no less than 250 players will evolve with his shoes on his feet, including the Golden Ball in 2010, the Argentine Lionel Messi. Adidas is also and always a cornerstone partner of FIFA. As such it will still provide the official ball of the competition, Jabulani.A real goose that lays the golden eggs as 100 million replica of the official ball (Teamgeist) were sold during the last World Cup in Germany. The German brand thinks its still football star. With 12 selections in the portfolio, it remains the leading supplier of this World Cup as the number of teams and expects a turnover exceeding 1.3 billion euros in football in 2010. The number of Blue jerseys sold, it announced already 300,000 copies pay day loans.

Across the U.S. Nike did not hear it that way. With nine teams selected, including Brazil, but also England and Portugal, the group digs every year its wake. By adding the sales of its subsidiary Umbro, it also claims the No. 1 spot in world football, for a turnover of 1.9 billion dollars.Undoubtedly the American brand has scored points in football in recent years, including garnering the Blues jersey from 1 January 2011 and until 2014. The sum on the table to win has skyrocketed since we are talking of 320 million euros over four years! A number deemed unreasonable by the loser, the term of moody French, both in qualifying at the World Cup matches that preparedness, indeed raises question ….

Faced with these two giants going blow for blow, Puma heard his little music. Not without success and without excess. Equipment manufacturer of world champions title, Italy, a subsidiary of PPR focuses more than ever on African football.The team for this year four of the six teams involved in the African continent, South Africa, including Algeria (whose jerseys are selling like hotcakes, especially in France), Cameroon and Cote d'Ivoire.

Ballmer changes speeches. Asked Thursday night during an annual conference organized by the Wall Street Journal, the CEO of Microsoft has significantly delayed its affiliates in the mobile phone. "We had the lead in software for phone" with Windows Mobile, Ballmer said. "We're not in advance. We have disappeared from the surface and we found ourselves in fifth place. This does not correspond to where we wanted and should be, "he added.

After having "missed a complete cycle," Microsoft wants to return quickly in the game. While the development of new operating system Windows 7 Phone continues, Steve Ballmer has taken over in late May, the mobile division. He wishes to apply the same revenue in PCs, where Windows 7 has managed to forget the disappointments of Vista. "The market is very dynamic, it is our chance.We have good ideas and good products coming, "he said. This new generation of phones, profoundly rethought, is expected by the end of the year.

According to Steve Ballmer, it is indeed not too late to regain seats in the mobile. The smartphone still represent only 20% phones sold worldwide, said it does Microsoft. For now, the group is activated to convince manufacturers, operators and developers to focus on its future platform payday advance. It is Orange, France, his partner at the launch. Side applications, the objective is "to first of the most popular on the iPhone," said Thomas Serval, Director of Platform and Ecosystem Division in France.

The task will not be easy.Microsoft will indeed be faced with competitors – Apple, Google and RIM – which have firmly established their smartphones to professionals and the general public. In 2007, Steve Ballmer did not seem worried. "There is no chance that the iPhone conquered a large market share. No chance, "he said. Since then, more than 200,000 applications have been developed for the App Store and nearly 50,000 for Android Market. And Microsoft needs must hurry to catch up.

Sidebar: The iPad? "A PC in fashion also questioned the iPad, and migration of users to touch pads, Steve Ballmer has clearly distanced itself from Steve Jobs, Apple's CEO. The iPad, he suggested, is a form of PC among others, only more "new and fashionable. Also, the tablets do not completely replace personal computers."The PC will change form [...], but people will always use more," said Steve Ballmer.

LE FIGARO. – The network of ERDF is it as bad a condition as the report says the CRE?

Michele Bellon. – First of all, I said that not only this report is not new, but it has not been validated by the CRE. On the merits, ERDF has not slowed its investments in the network. For three years, the curve has inverted the contrary: in 2009, investments have been 2.3 billion euros, up 13.5% compared to 2008. This year we should exceed 2.5 billion euros. In general, it is less the level of investments that benefit them in sharpening our thinking today.We are in discussions with local communities to effectively address all the weaknesses of the network, where it is necessary to optimize the operation.

The cutoff time for users, however, increased significantly …

We must compare what is comparable. I read for example that this time would be cut almost doubled since the early 2000s. Except that we have had unprecedented weather events over a very short period. In 2009, the two storms Klaus and Quentin have been very disadvantageous to our infrastructure. However, thanks to the exceptional mobilization of the company, 90% of customers have been replenished in four days, this period has been reduced to two days during Xynthia in early 2010.If we ignore these weather disasters, the comparison with other European countries shows that in this field, France is well positioned.

An increase in transmission tariffs is necessary?

The problem is not only the issue of tariffs. However, the company is imposed today a number of benefits that do not fall directly within its original specifications. In particular, we assume a significant portion of the costs of connecting wind turbines and photovoltaic systems. These are considerable, but they could be allocated for maintenance and strengthening of the network. I would like, in the near future, the funding of new services entrusted to ERDF is fully identified and compensated.ERDF acting course for development of renewable energy, but we can not only support this growth.

ERDF is in the crosshairs of local authorities, who point to a poor quality of services. What say you?

We have renewed the dialogue. I want to strengthen the territorial proximity with officials, it is even more essential that the unions, which provide electrification project management in rural areas, are members of the National Federation of Local Authorities and licensors.

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Two years after changing hands, the airline flies in Europe Airpost clear skies. His transition from La Poste Group's specialist in the transport ASL Group (owned by Belgian capital: fund Peter Cam and Compagnie Maritime Belge) is, to date, a no-fault. This despite the air holes through which the airline industry since late 2008 in the wake of the crisis. Airpost europe is among the few companies to have made money in 2009. The company specializes in short and medium haul transported 750 000 passengers and 63 000 tonnes of cargo last year and net income of 6 million euros from a turnover of 231 million euros.

To explain its resilience, it highlights the diversification policy and an economic model based on a unified fleet of Boeing B 737 "works" 24H/24H with their conversation fast cargo service aircraft in the night transport of passengers flying on the day. In addition our location in the province which makes us the first charter company out of the province it represents only 520 000 passengers, "says Jean-Francois Dominiak, CEO of the airline.

Diversification policy strengthened

This activity builds on its historical legacy of the prestigious Aeropostale, provider of express transportation on behalf of La Poste, Chronopost but the Royal Mail in the UK under contracts that were renewed for two years. Beyond that, nothing is on.Therefore, the company celebrates its tenth anniversary this year, accelerating its diversification policy. It will thus rise to power in transporting passengers with the introduction of three new aircraft including 2 Boeing 737-700 aircraft from April 2010 to early summer in the air.

These devices from Dublin, Paris and Nantes must allow new routes to Egypt, sub-Saharan Africa and in Iceland. The objective is to transport between 850 000 and 900 000 passengers this year on behalf of tour operators. Europe Airpost is indeed the major provider of air signatures of tourism such as Thomas Cook, Fram or Club Med.

Meanwhile, the company launched in co-chartered by offering several tour operators to come together on the same plane and it will develop fuel hedges to offer its customers fixed prices throughout the year. Europe Airpost also studying a solution co-charter dedicated to major express carrier such as Fedex, DHL or UPS on a new European cargo routes. This new service could be launched in 2011.

France will issue the market for 188 billion euros of debt in 2010, against 175 billion originally estimated, said the Agency France Tr?sor (AFT) after a decision of the Minister of Economy Christine Lagarde.

AFT said that amount takes into account the 22 billion euros to be used to finance the huge debt which must be subtracted 9 billion euro share buyback due 2010.

"The net emissions will be distributed as follows: around 10% in bonds indexed to inflation, the remainder being divided between BTAN (medium term) and OAT (long term), adds the public body which aims to put debt of France on the market.

In 2009, the agency bought for 13.6 billion purchase of securities prior to maturity, including 11 billion maturing in 2010 and 2.6 billion euros in 2011.

Securities issued debt has steadily increased in recent years. In 2009, they amounted to 165 billion euros, against 128 billion in 2008 and 97.5 billion in 2007.

The CAC 40 ended down 1.43% at 3785.30 points. Other European stock markets also closed in the red: the Footsie in London has yielded 1.65%, the Frankfurt DAX 1.66% and 1.62% Eurostoxx 50. After growing slowly in the early morning, the Paris market has swung into the red following the publication of an unexpected fall in industrial production in Germany (-1.8%) last October. Investors are also under pressure while in Greece the deficits have slipped dangerously leading rating agency Fitch downgraded the long-term debt of this country from A-to BBB +.

The statement made Monday by Ben Bernanke on monetary policy of the United States has not given clear direction to markets.The chairman of the Federal Reserve has however indicated that the central bank would keep interest rates at an unusually low for an extended period, while some economists fear the opposite.

The values of the day

Alcatel-Lucent is 1.33%. The telecoms equipment maker announced it has signed an agreement with Bouygues Telecom to test the 4G, the next generation technology of mobile broadband. Alcatel-Lucent is also the most action surrounded the square in Paris on Tuesday, with nearly 13 million shares traded.

EADS yields 1.41%. Air Algeria and ATR reported Monday the signing of a contract for four ATR 72-500 aircraft for delivery in 2010.The contract amount is 82 million.

Stallergenes (-0.26%) expressed Monday "very positive" three years of a long term study on the allergy tablet, Oralair, to assess the long-term effect and persistence of this effect after stopping treatment.

All about the payment Cesu or know the steps to create a service activity is possible by going to the salon services to the person of 19 to 21 November in Paris, Porte de Versailles. According to Alain Bosetti, Chairman of the Fair personal services, "this national event bringing together the entire profession is essential to address issues of heterogeneous public, to relate structures and individual providers, facilitate the meeting between stakeholders home, job seekers and prospective employers.

Responses adapted to each profile

According to organizers, more than 23,000 private and professional visitors and 250 exhibitors are expected this year.For individuals, the exhibition will provide an opportunity to find answers to their questions about the tax advantages of personal services, operation of CESU, the status of particular employer, their obligations … Through including conferences with themes as varied as "choose a provider company," Cesu banking instructions "or" need a used home? -Become a particular employer. " They will also have the opportunity to meet with service providers and compare their offers.

The exhibition is also an opportunity for industry professionals to find solutions to create in this area of work and meet with franchise networks expanding. Lectures will review aid to the creation of businesses in the area of personal services and franchising.They will also discover paths of entrepreneurs where their peers will share their experiences.

Speakers at Home and job seekers will have the opportunity to meet companies that recruit, make contacts and learn about training possible. Business leaders and HR managers can assess the Cesu as a tool for retention of their employees and discover all the services offered to employees through the Village of services to employees. They will learn include the cost of these services for the company.

More information on the Show site services to the person

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Tax havens are not dead. This is proclaimed a platform for NGOs and actors of civil society, Tax Justice Network (TJN), releasing on Monday a list of alternative tax havens. To develop this new classification, the result of 18 months of work, the international network has developed an "index of financial opacity", composed of twelve points and takes into account the degree of secrecy of a state and its weight in international finance. Sixty states or territories and are listed in this ranking. In detail, the U.S. state of Delaware truste first place. The territory is accused of ensuring banking secrecy, not to hold public register of trusts (financial firms) and not sufficiently comply with international rules on taxation. Luxembourg and Switzerland on the podium.

The top five on the white list of OECD

The Cayman Islands take fourth place. The City of London (5th) suffers fewer areas of opacity, as the international network, but it does not keep the ultimate beneficiaries of public corporations and does not "appropriate access" to information bank. Hong Kong takes tenth place. For Tax Justice Network, "is probably in the Top Ten of opaque areas identified as focuses, globally, dirty money and that of tax evasion.

But surprisingly, the top five in this ranking are listed "white" virtuous countries of the Organization for Cooperation and Development (OECD). Of the top ten states in the list of NRT, only Singapore (8th) is still ranked in the gray list of the OECD.This new classification thus casts discredit on the lists prepared in April by the OECD, which refers, in Tax Justice Network, criteria inappropriate and insufficient. Note also that Europe is well represented since most of Luxembourg, Switzerland and the City of London, Ireland (7th), Belgium (9th), Austria (12th), the Netherlands Netherlands (15th), or the Portuguese island of Madeira (17th), all bleached also by the OECD are in the classification established by the Tax Justice Network.

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