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For the first time since 1980, the number of three public (state, territorial and hospital) have stagnated in France in 2008. Specifically, they rose only 1800postes. From never-seen since 1980. At 31 December 2008, according to report data annually on the Public Service published yesterday, the Hexagon were almost 5.3 million employees, or 20.5% of total employment, and 656,000 more than a decade ago.

The virtual stagnation of 2008 is largely to the credit of the state civil service has continued to decrease in population from 2006. It has eliminated 77,000 jobs last year, including through non-replacement of a staff of two who retire and to continue the policy of transfer of powers to local authorities. This represents a decline of 3.1% of its workforce in a year.France, employs 2.4 million civil servants, 69.5% and 14.1% of holders of soldiers. This total is 1.4% lower than in 1998, representing a decline of nearly 35,000 agents in a decade.

The numbers have declined in 2008 across all departments, with the exception of Justice and the prime minister. The portfolios of Education and Ecology have been most affected by the cuts with cuts respective 43,000 and 23,000 agents. Finally, almost a two-state official now works in education, one in five of Defense and Interior to eleven.

2328euros per month for a state agent

Another finding of the report 2009-2010 on the state of the public service: local authorities have continued to recruit with a vengeance with nearly 70,000 new jobs in 2008.The local civil service now employs 1.82 million people. A total of 3.9% higher than in 2008 and, especially, a surge of 40% compared to 1998. This dramatic increase is partly related to the second law of decentralization occurred in 2003. The regions – which employs only 4% of all local officials – have been particularly intensive public sector jobs as they saw their numbers jump over a decade, from 22.5% on average each year and even 49% per year since 2005. In more than one in four cases, recruitment occurred three years prior to 2008 had nothing to do with transfer of responsibilities from the State.

The public hospital has, meanwhile, was more reasonable since the increase of its workforce in 2008 was four times lower than that of local authorities: 1% over one year or more 10000agents.At December 31, staff of public hospitals accounted for approximately 1 million people. Those numbers have increased, on average ten years, 1.8% each year.

Pay later, an officer of the state received an average of 2328 euros net per month in 2008. An increase of 3.7% in current euros a year and 0.9% after allowing for inflation. Territorial Agent earned nearly 600 euros less and a hospital, 150. In both cases, the territorial and hospital officials have seen their wages decline in net income a year, by 0.6% and 0.1% in constant euros.

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"The wages of the public in 2011 frozen

"Performance appraisal removed

Wall Street opens very cautious on Monday, before the employment figures expected later in the week. At the opening, the Dow Jones 0.1% to loose 10143 points, the S & P drops 0.19% to 1063 points and the Nasdaq, 0.42% to 2145 points.

Before the bell, consumer spending rose more than expected in the U.S. in July. Consumption has picked up 0.4% yoy compared to June It's better than the expected by analysts, who had estimated the consumption growth to 0.3%, according to their median forecast.Spending growth has outpaced that of household income since, according to the ministry, they are divided up by 0.2%, after virtually stagnating in June

On Friday, the NYSE had ended up, apparently reassured by the downward revision in less severe than expected U.S. growth in the second quarter U.S. GDP in fact increased by 1.6% in the second quarter cons expected 1.4% recently, but against 2.4% expected in the first estimate.

Despite a speech by Ben Bernanke at Jackson Hole somewhat mixed, the U.S. stock market saw on Friday, the Dow Jones climbing 1.6% to 10,150 points and the Nasdaq 1.6% to clinch also 2153 points.

Responsible economic news this week

On Tuesday, it will house prices and economic activity in the Chicago area in August and, finally, the consumer confidence that will be published. Wednesday, Thursday and Friday will be dominated by the particular job, with, successively, the ADP employment figures, entries weekly, and finally figures of unemployment and employment in August.

Waltz of mergers and acquisitions

On the corporate side, the spectacle of mergers acquisitions poursuit.3Par (-1.45% to 31.99 dollars) soared 25% to 32.5 dollars on Friday night.As for his suitors, HP (2.32% to 38.88 U.S. dollars) has increased its prices by 3 27 to $ 30, Dell (0.53% to 11.95 U.S. dollars) has aligned its offer Friday morning over $ 27 No fax cash advance.

The German manufacturer Infineon Semiconductor announced Monday the sale of his division's wireless, which makes components for mobile phones, the U.S. Intel (-0.82% to 18.22 dollars) for 1.4 billion (nearly 1.1 billion euros).

The CEO of Sanofi-Aventis, which formalized Sunday his intention to acquire U.S. biotech Genzyme (3.95% to 70.29 U.S. dollars) to $ 18.5 billion, said that "a lot of time can still drain "by launching a bid, in an interview with Voices dated Monday.

Sanofi-Aventis announced on Sunday a proposal for acquisition of U.S. biotech group Genzyme for a price of 69 dollars per share, totaling $ 18.5 billion (14.5 billion euros).But the board rejected on Monday unanimously the proposed terms.

The Indian government was to meet Monday officials from the Canadian manufacturer of BlackBerry (RIM) to try to break the deadlock over access to encrypted data from the phone, on the eve of the ultimatum on the blocking of two services mail.

French insurer Axa has reduced by almost half its share in the prestigious U.S. investment bank Goldman Sachs (-0.17% to 139.52 U.S. dollars), the center of criticism for his role in the Greek crisis, according to documents the regulatory authority of the U.S. markets (SEC).

The U.S. industrial conglomerate 3M (-0.8% to 80.35 dollars) on Monday announced the acquisition of Cogent group (19.35% to 10.64 U.S. dollars) to over 900 million dollars (708 million euros ), which represents a premium of nearly 18%.3M will pay $ 10.50 in effect by title Gogent, which posted a closing price of 8.915 dollars Friday. The transaction should be completed in the last quarter of 2010.

Wage discrimination between men and women has been the subject of numerous reports. That between heterosexuals and homosexuals had never been studied. Until today. Two economists from the University of Evry have considered this matter and found a gap of 6.5% on average in the private sector and 5.5% year on public Liberation reported Saturday. A result based on a sample of 904 cases.

This difference was found "all things being equal", the newspaper said, that is to say, qualifications and duties equal, in businesses of similar size, etc.. "After dismissing all the biases that could distort the results, we arrive at a pay gap is said unexplained", explains Thierry Laurent, co-authored the study with Ferhat Mihoubi. Only males are affected by this discrimination. The lesbians do not suffer any apparent loss of wages "unexplained".

This discrimination does not affect all gays with the same force. The less educated and the young could be less discriminated against, while the widening gap with the qualifications and experience. As a percentage of the "visibility" of an employee within the company, analyze the two economists. The young staff are more secure, with little "visible" for competitive examination.

"Marriage premium"

The results of the study are close to the observed differences in wages abroad, but it must include "marriage premium" observed in France. A married man will win because on average 4% more than a single. Homosexuals can not have access to marriage, they are doubly penalized.In the U.S., according to a study published in October 2007 and based on the study of 91,000 cases, a gay employee earns an average 23% less than heterosexual married counterparts.

In France, these wage differentials are explained, the two authors argue, by homophobia. "A CSA poll conducted in March 2009, said Liberation, revealed that 28% of private sector employees do not feel" very comfortable "with the fact that their colleague is gay.

Alcatel-Lucent continues its annual forecast, after presenting its results for the second quarter. The telecoms equipment maker has finished the past three months with a net loss of 184 million euros, equivalent to a net loss per diluted share of 0.08 euro. This net loss is worse than the result recorded in the same period a year ago, which then displayed in the green, to 14 million euros. But the quarterly net loss marks a clear improvement over results reported in the previous quarter, during which the group had lost 515 million euros.

Alcatel-Lucent is delighted especially to see its operating profit return to equilibrium. Adjusted data, it is 28 million euros, or 0.7% of revenues.In published data, it remains negative, at -45 million euros, against 130 million euros a year ago, and -263 000 000 euros at the end of first quarter 2010.

Low activity in China

The group's turnover was slightly lower on a year. In fall of 2.4% over the second quarter of 2009, it stood at 3.813 billion euros, or 17.4% more than during the previous three months. The effects of consolidation and exchange rates were favorable to the group on the quarter. Adjusted data, the turnover of the second quarter is apparent down 6.9% year on year, but it remains up from the previous quarter (+11.8%).

"The momentum has been strong in North America with a double-digit growth and the trend has improved in the world, lower income there is much less marked than in the first quarter.The revenue decline in Europe has remained the order of almost 10%. Finally, Asia Pacific has experienced a double digit decline, due to low activity in China, partly offset by significant growth in India, "the company said.

An improvement in adjusted gross margin

The group's adjusted gross margin rebounded to 36.1%, an improvement of three points over one year and by 3.5 points compared with the margin achieved during the first three months of 2010.

Alcatel-Lucent is confident for the second half. Ben Verwaayen, the CEO of Alcatel-Lucent, promises to "maintain a strict control of costs and expenses." He anticipates a "second half of 2010 supported, thanks to a growing backlog.Additional benefits are expected in the coming quarters. "

The group believes that "despite the shortage of components that still impact our supply chain, demand for telecommunications equipment and related services is recovering." He believes that the growing market for telecommunications equipment will be between 0% and 5% this year. In this context, Alcatel-Lucent intends to achieve an operating profit Adjusted between 1% and 5% of its revenues.

Farmer in Nizhny Novgorod, east of Moscow, is desperate Kassoumov Acker. This summer, because of the drought, "the grain of wheat could not germinate," laments the operator in front of cameras showing the chain Volga an ear of corn all withered. Result, the performance of his farm is expected to reach ten quintals per hectare instead of 28 quintals provided. As to the 210 acres of grass hay sown a few months ago, "they have been wasted," says Acker Kassoumov.

After a very cold winter and snow, this year Russia is experiencing one of the worst droughts in its history, as in 1972 when the USSR was forced to import wheat. In the Volga basin, but also in Siberia, the mercury rises, reaching 35 degrees for several weeks in Krasnodar (southern).In Ulyanovsk, 900 miles southeast of Moscow, only 200,000 tons of wheat should be harvested, against more than one million tonnes last year.

Nineteen areas in particular suffer from this episode extreme climate, mainly located in the southern basin of the Volga River where the water, whether drinking purposes or watering, is sorely lacking. "There is not a question of financial loss, but survival of peasants!" Has alarmed Skourikhine Pavel, President of the National Union of Producers of wheat, at a press conference Moscow. Many farms are facing bankruptcy payday advance. Given the urgency of the situation, the authorities of countries have expressed readiness to help these nineteen regions. Budgetary allocations will be granted at rates well below inflation (2% per year over five years).A total budget of 40 billion rubles is raised (about one billion euros), a figure corresponding to the amount of losses as assessed by the daily Kommersant.

Unlike their Western colleagues in such circumstances, the Russian agricultural officials are careful not to formally assign catastrophism, making sure to thank the Kremlin for their efforts.

Wheat prices soar

Professionals note in Siberia, a drought will resume wheat prices, to offset the fall in prices that occurred last year after a phase of overproduction. Prices were burning this weekend on U.S. and European markets for wheat, before a lull yesterday.

Subsequent events depend on the duration of the heatwave, which has experienced five episodes equivalents for 130 years.No meteorologist provides improvement in the medium term, however, but spread to the Far East of Russia. Whether in the Orthodox churches or the plains of Tatarstan Muslim, religious leaders pray for the return of rain.

After a pause of three days (Monday holiday), the U.S. stock market, resumed the height Tuesday. The Standard & Poor's 500 and Nasdaq 100 advancing in effect by 1.3% to 1035 points and 1.7% to 2126 points. On Friday, the NYSE has fallen heavily, cooled by the monthly figures of employment in the United States, although less well than expected. Last week, the Dow Jones dropped 4.51% to 9686.48 points, ending Friday at its lowest level since October 5. The Nasdaq fell 5.92% to 2091.79 points and the Standard & Poor's 500 index 5.03% to 1022.58 points.

On the foreign exchange market, the euro continues to rise on Tuesday. At 15.30, the euro gained 0.38% to 1.2592 dollar.

The session on Wall Street, will begin with the announcement of the PMI services.Apart from this indicator, no other major news is expected.

After the disappointment of Friday on the employment figures, investors should be particularly careful this week to weekly figures for unemployment benefits that are to be published Thursday.

The employment report in June showed Friday that the U.S. economy had reduced jobs for the first time since the beginning of the year. Even the decline in the unemployment rate to 9.5% was not enough to reassure investors, this situation reflects the despair of a portion of the workforce, which seeks more jobs.On Wall Street as on most other major world places, operators should play the card of caution this week before the opening of the interim results season.

On the face values

Within the Dow, the ball begins, as always, with results from Alcoa July 12 (next Monday).

Meanwhile, the discount retailer Family Dollar Stores (3% to 39.8 dollars) to publish its half-yearly results on Wednesday credit score. This will be the only company in the S & P 500 to publish its results this week.

The BP Plc, also listed on Wall Street leads the session with an increase of 4.9% to 30.8 million.After the group has denied being the search for new shareholders, Shokri Ghanem, Chairman of National Oil Co, a Libyan oil, said that Libya should return to the capital of the British oil company.

The share of investment bank Goldman Sachs benefits of raising recommendation JPMorgan, which rose to overweight on the title: +1.7% to 133.3 million.

Ford Motors has seen its price target return of 16-14 dollars by Goldman Sachs, the bank has lowered its estimate of overall vehicle sales in 2010. However, retain a recommendation "attractive" on the automotive sector. Finally, shares rise 1.5% to 10.43 dollars.

News Corp., the media group founded by Rupert Murdoch, The Wall Street Journal, in discussion with Google, Microsoft and Yahoo! for the sale of advertising space on MySpace, so that the current contract with Google ends.The securities earn 1% to 11.9 million.

The group of agrochemicals and seeds Monsanto (0.3% to 46.7 U.S. dollars) Monday withdrew its complaint against European importers of industrial soybean meal from Argentina. Monsanto previously estimated that they infringed its European patent on its Roundup Ready soybeans. But the group has settled its dispute with the Dutch importer and dealer Cefetra raw Alfred C. Toepfer International just before decide the European Court of Justice on the case Tuesday.

The garden party at the Elysee was it canceled too late? The caterers will they be reimbursed? Taxpayers will pay the note they? After the announcement of the cancellation of approvals under the Ministries of Interior, Overseas, in the prefectures and sub-prefectures, these issues are on everyone's lips. Especially since the member Rene Dosière (related PS) spoke for the receipt of an invoice 313 618 2009 euros. The debate, then fed by Ségolène Royal in an interview with the Nouvel Observateur, however, is minimized by the main actors of the case.

"There was no cancellation in the legal sense. These are the tenders that have been canceled. Today, nobody can say 'I lost the case, because no one had been chosen "slice Lars Bernard, vice president of Synhorcat, a leading professional trade."So there is no impact because in this profession, we do not prepare anything in advance. A caterer is not Picard, irritated the union representative.

Same story on the side of the Elysee usual caterers. "We were still at the stage of tendering. We filed our application and we expect the answer. We have therefore incurred no expenses, "said Francois Raynier, owner of upscale catering Raynier Marchetti, who denies the passage strengthened its team of 150 people in anticipation of the Garden Party. "150 is our average size," says he.

"From homemade

The prefecture also announced that the cancellations last minute should incur any costs because the buffets are mostly prepared in-house. "We use the kitchen of the prefecture," says one in Rennes.In the Sarthe, everything is "homemade" due to "credit limit". The few jurisdictions involving caterers explain – as is the case in Mayenne – they were still "at the stage estimates.

In the Alpes-Maritimes, the services of the prefecture are in this case state spending "very minimal" to "a few hundred euros": "We're pooling with the city of Nice and the General Council of Alpes-Maritimes limit spending from outside caterers, "says a spokeswoman.

Flexibility

Even if there had been a contract between two parties, there is no fixed schedule for repayment in the profession, making negotiations on a case by case basis between the provider and client paydayloan. "It's the law of business but we always find common ground," says Bernard Bras.In case of cancellation, the situation remains manageable, "he assures," It is a profession without visibility. Sometimes some customers confirm the case only 3-4 days before the big day We are accustomed to this kind of situation. "

At the forefront of the controversy, the food critics temper this speech. According to them, traders are well advised not to claim compensation for the expected win lucrative contracts in the future. "It's flattering to prepare the buffet or the Elysee Matignon is a commercial asset, an honor, a good card," says Claude Lebey, editor and author of restaurant guides.

Rebound

The representative of Synhorcat still regrets the loss of activity represented by these cancellations. "We are talking thousands of hours of work.For the Elysee, the decision could also have been taken earlier this year when the budget is fixed ….

For the future, the profession remains optimistic. The idea of a snowball effect of cancellations is scanned. "On the corporate side, which represent nearly 80% of our business, we see a rather significant recovery from last year," says Lars Bernard. "These are not exceptional receptions for when the box is bad, do not 'do too much peter cap'. But when there is a quick turnaround, we must celebrate. This is happening today. " The other big market traders – that of individuals – is also on the mend: "over time, we notice that people continue to celebrate events," notes vice president of Synhorcat. The public sector, the smallest of openings, should be the one to be hit hard.

"End 2008-2009, business has plummeted because of last minute cancellations of contracts. In the worst of the crisis, some professionals have lost 40% activity, ensures Lars Bernard. 2010 is therefore a year of healing. Regarding cancellations, we are entitled to think that this will not be like that all year. "

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Betwixt and cons crisis, employee ownership is booming, if you believe a study of the consulting firm Hewitt Associates, which interviewed 56 companies, listed on the Paris Bourse, the CAC 40 SBF SBF 120 or 250. Among them, 88% claimed to have in 2010 further encouraged their employees to become shareholders, 92% through the CIPF (mutual fund company), 47% through actions. 26% of companies offer bonus shares, which represents almost two times more than in 2009.

Last year, despite the crisis, they have continued to assist their employees in their savings effort: nearly half of companies have set up a contribution. Nearly 70% of companies shall, in addition to developing new employee share plans at least every two years.Convinced of the value of the managerial ownership, 91% of businesses use it to reinforce the sense of employee and 63% for muscle motivational forces.

Finally, 59% say there are more pragmatically additional financial benefits to supplement wages sometimes down. But employee ownership offers advantages that … Too strong, it might even be a hindrance if the company wants to open its capital: 50% of companies (against 27% in 2009) suggest a reluctance on their main shareholders development of employee ownership.

After a nightmarish year 2009, the first Russian manufacturer, in which Renault owns 25%, his head out of water. While it had reduced its production by three last year to adapt to the collapse of the Russian market, the manufacturer of the Lada is now the biggest beneficiary of the scrappage of about 1300 euro launched its domestic market in early March. "80% of cars sold through this device are Ladas," says Igor Komarov, CEO of Avtovaz, appointed last summer. And 10% are assembled by Renault Logan in Moscow.

Result, sales of Avtovaz jumped 62% in May An upturn that could allow him to make a profit this year after a loss of one billion euros last year. "We must produce more than 450,000 vehicles (cons 300,000 in 2009) to generate an operating profit.While that seemed unrealistic at the beginning of the year, we now see pre exceed this threshold in 2010, "said Igor Komarov.

This adjustment is also allowed by drastically lowering costs. Russian has reduced its workforce last year to 30,000 people on 102 000. A job that required "the support of the state," said Igor Komarov. Some social activities of the group inherited from the Soviet era (nurseries, hospitals, nursing homes) has been transferred to the municipality of Togliatti. According to Renault, only a Russian could carry out this mission.This explains the departure of former French boss Avtovaz, last summer.

Five models assembled on the platform Logan

Avtovaz, Renault and Nissan aim to ally his term 40% of Russian market against 38.7% through May, in a context where the market share of Lada models obsolete, had significantly eroded by the crisis for the foreign brands. To achieve this, Renault must succeed in modernizing the plant of the former Soviet dinosaur. The French account to produce five new models on the platform of the Logan from 2012. Two Lada (station wagon and van versions), a Nissan and Renaults. A new small cheap Lada will also be constructed from the end of 2011.

Another priority: "Deliver upgrade local suppliers, in terms of cost and quality," said Christian Esteve, CEO of Renault in Russia.His goal is to move to Renault vehicles produced in Togliatti, 74% of local components in 2012, against 40% currently in its Moscow factory. To encourage suppliers to locate in western Russia and protect the development of local players, the group campaigning for the introduction of tariffs on imports of components.

The manufacturer has escaped bankruptcy last year, with help from the Kremlin about 1.7 billion euros, which allowed him to restructure its debt and cover its liquidity needs. Renault was able to maintain its share in the Russian capital without paying money, thanks to technology transfers valued at 240 million euros. According to Renault, the Russian market could reach 4 million cars in 2015-2016, which would make it the largest European market.

Ballmer changes speeches. Asked Thursday night during an annual conference organized by the Wall Street Journal, the CEO of Microsoft has significantly delayed its affiliates in the mobile phone. "We had the lead in software for phone" with Windows Mobile, Ballmer said. "We're not in advance. We have disappeared from the surface and we found ourselves in fifth place. This does not correspond to where we wanted and should be, "he added.

After having "missed a complete cycle," Microsoft wants to return quickly in the game. While the development of new operating system Windows 7 Phone continues, Steve Ballmer has taken over in late May, the mobile division. He wishes to apply the same revenue in PCs, where Windows 7 has managed to forget the disappointments of Vista. "The market is very dynamic, it is our chance.We have good ideas and good products coming, "he said. This new generation of phones, profoundly rethought, is expected by the end of the year.

According to Steve Ballmer, it is indeed not too late to regain seats in the mobile. The smartphone still represent only 20% phones sold worldwide, said it does Microsoft. For now, the group is activated to convince manufacturers, operators and developers to focus on its future platform payday advance. It is Orange, France, his partner at the launch. Side applications, the objective is "to first of the most popular on the iPhone," said Thomas Serval, Director of Platform and Ecosystem Division in France.

The task will not be easy.Microsoft will indeed be faced with competitors – Apple, Google and RIM – which have firmly established their smartphones to professionals and the general public. In 2007, Steve Ballmer did not seem worried. "There is no chance that the iPhone conquered a large market share. No chance, "he said. Since then, more than 200,000 applications have been developed for the App Store and nearly 50,000 for Android Market. And Microsoft needs must hurry to catch up.

Sidebar: The iPad? "A PC in fashion also questioned the iPad, and migration of users to touch pads, Steve Ballmer has clearly distanced itself from Steve Jobs, Apple's CEO. The iPad, he suggested, is a form of PC among others, only more "new and fashionable. Also, the tablets do not completely replace personal computers."The PC will change form [...], but people will always use more," said Steve Ballmer.